✍️ Title X: Public Finance and Economic Governance
Article 75 – Principles of the Economy
The economic system is based on the following principles: freedom of initiative, protection of private property, fair competition, openness to the global economy, combating monopolies and conflicts of interest, and consumer protection.
Article 76 – Freedom of Investment
The principle of freedom of investment and non-discrimination among investors is guaranteed, in compliance with transparency.
The right to transfer profits and capital is ensured in accordance with the law, within the framework of combating money laundering and terrorism financing.
Article 77 – Fiscal Sustainability
The State is committed to ensuring fiscal sustainability. An organic law shall establish:
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deficit limits,
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rules governing public debt,
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and automatic correction mechanisms in case the ceiling is exceeded.
Article 78 – Public Budget
The State adopts an annual transparent and open budget.
Expenditure outside of authorized appropriations is prohibited.
Public accounts shall be published after auditing by an independent body.
Article 79 – Court of Accounts
An independent Court or Office of Accounts shall be established, tasked with:
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ex-post control of public spending,
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publishing public reports,
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and obliging relevant authorities to implement corrective measures.
Article 80 – Financial Policy Council
A Financial Policy Council shall be established, responsible for:
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assessing macro-financial balances,
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studying the financial impact of legislation,
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issuing mandatory (non-binding) opinions on draft laws with major financial implications.
Article 81 – Public Procurement
Public procurement and public-private partnerships shall be concluded according to the principles of competition, transparency, and efficiency.
All contracts and procurement agreements shall be published to the public.
Article 82 – Public Enterprises
The State is committed to ensuring the governance of public enterprises based on competence and transparency.
Partisan appointments are prohibited.
A transparent framework for restructuring or privatization shall be established where necessary.
Article 83 – Tax System
The tax system is based on the principles of justice, progressivity, simplicity, and transparency.
The extension of selective exemptions is prohibited, except following a public evaluation.
Article 84 – Central Bank
The Central Bank shall enjoy independence in conducting monetary policy.
It may not directly finance the budget deficit except in exceptional cases and by virtue of an organic law.
Article 85 – Competition and Anti-Rent Practices
An independent National Authority for Competition shall be established, tasked with:
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preventing harmful economic concentrations,
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dismantling rentier privileges,
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ensuring equal opportunities in markets.
Article 86 – Digital Economy
The State is committed to supporting the digital economy and innovation, developing fast digital infrastructure, and protecting intellectual property rights.
Article 87 – Social and Regional Dimension
Economic policies shall take into account the principles of social justice, regional balance, and the integration of social and territorial impact indicators that are published to the public.
Article 88 – Environmental Commitments
Economic policies shall integrate environmental considerations, including:
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incorporating carbon costs,
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encouraging green investments,
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supporting sustainable energy transition.
Article 89 – Public Debt Management
The State commits to managing public debt and sovereign obligations with full transparency, by regularly publishing detailed data accessible to the public.